![]() ![]() This paper provides a theoretical approach to DC incident-energy calculations based on the concept that the maximum possible power in a DC arc flash occurs when the arcing voltage is 50 percent of the system voltage. It was published in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. Doan’s “Arc Flash Calculations for Exposures to DC Systems” helped elevate the discussion of DC arc flash calculations. Two landmark technical papers changed the understanding of DC arc flash. DC arc flash is the proverbial elephant in the room. Currently, there are no standards for calculating the arc flash hazard for DC power systems. However, when performing arc flash calculations, IEEE 1584 only addresses the AC arc flash hazards. Even our understanding of the arc flash hazard has greatly improved, thanks to years of research by many individuals and the 2002 introduction of IEEE 1584-IEEE Guide for Arc Flash Hazard Calculations. The electric shock hazard from both AC and DC power systems has been well documented and understood for decades, thanks to the research of people such as Charles Dalziel. ![]() Examples include rectifiers, traction power systems, adjustable frequency drives, photovoltaic systems, battery banks and more. However, even though they are not as pervasive, DC systems are also common. Westinghouse ultimately won the war, and AC is used to power most of the world’s electrical loads. George Westinghouse, with help from Nicola Tesla, was a proponent of AC. Thomas Edison was well-known for his Pearl Street generating station in New York City, which was based on DC. The conflict, sometimes referred to as “The War of the Currents,” would define whether electric power systems would use alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). More than a century ago, two giants in the fledgling electrical power industry battled it out for supremacy.
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